Process for producing oxygen-containing organic compounds

ABSTRACT

A process for producing an oxygen-containing organic compound which comprises reacting carbon monoxide with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst under heat and pressure, said catalyst comprising (a) a ruthenium compound and (b) an imidazole compound.

This invention relates to a process for producing an oxygen-containing organic compound from carbon monoxide and hydrogen. More specifically, it relates to a process for producing a lower aliphatic oxygen-containing organic compound such as ethylene glycol, methanol and methyl acetate from carbon monoxide and hydrogen.

Conventional methods for producing oxygen-containing organic compounds such as ethylene glycol, methanol and ethanol directly from carbon monoxide and hydrogen involve the use of catalyst systems comprising elements of Group VIII of the periodic table including rhodium. Rhodium-containing catalysts have considerably high activity, but methods involving the use of the rhodium catalysts have the defect that the cost of the rhodium catalysts is high, and after the end of the reaction, the rhodium catalysts become inactive as rhodium metal and cannot be easily recovered for re-use.

Accordingly, the methods using the rhodium catalysts are difficult to employ in a commercial process for producing oxygen-containing organic compounds such as ethylene glycol despite their considerably high catalytic activity.

As other noble metal catalysts, the use of ruthenium catalysts is suggested in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publications Nos. 115,834/1980, 82327/1982 and 82328/1982, U.S. Pat. No. 4,170,605, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 102, 6855 (1980), Erdoel Kohle Erdgas Petrochem., 32, 313 (1979), and Int. High Pressure Conf. (U.S.A.), 6th (1977), [1], 733-738 (1979). Specifically, U.S. Pat. No. 4,170,605 and Int. High Pressure Conf. (U.S.A.), 6th (1977), [1] 733-738 (1979) disclose a method for selectively producing ethylene glycol from carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publications Nos. 115,834/1980 and 82,328/1982 disclose a method for selectively producing methanol, ethanol or ethylene glycol from carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a solubilized ruthenium-carbonyl complex and a catalyst and a Lewis base, for example amines, pyridines or cyclic amines such as purine, pyrimidine or piperazine as a promoter. Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 123,925/1981 discloses a method for selectively producing ethylene glycol from carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a ruthenium compound and a compound of another element of Group VIII such as rhodium as a catalyst, and also discloses a method in which a compound, such as a halide or carboxylate salt, of an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal, or a nitrogen-containing cation or base such as an ammonium salt, an iminium salt or a pyridine is used as a promoter.

The aforesaid methods using ruthenium catalysts are economically advantageous because the cost of the catalysts is low, but the activity of the ruthenium catalysts is lower, for example in ethylene glycol formation, than the rhodium catalysts. According to these methods, the yield of an oxygen-containing organic compound such as ethylene glycol per gram-atom of ruthenium in the ruthenium catalysts is not sufficient under low pressure conditions, for example under 300 kg/cm².G or below.

It is an object of this invention to provide a novel process for producing an oxygen-containing organic compound such as ethylene glycol directly from carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a specified catalyst system.

Another object of this invention is to provide a process for producing an oxygen-containing organic compound directly in high yields from carbon monoxide and hydrogen.

Still another object of this invention is to provide a process for producing an oxygen-containing organic compound in high yields directly from carbon monoxide and hydroxide using a catalyst system which exhibits excellent activity even under relatively low pressures of, for example about 300 kg/cm².G to about 1 kg/cm².G.

Further objects and advantages of this invention will become apparent from the following description.

These objects and advantages are achieved in accordance with this invention by a process for producing an oxygen-containing organic compound which comprises reacting carbon monoxide and hydrogen under heat and pressure in the presence of a catalyst, said catalyst comprising (a) a ruthenium compound and (b) an imidazole.

The catalyst used in the process of this invention is a catalyst comprising (a) a ruthenium compound and (b) an imidazole. This catalyst has not been known heretofore, and has the advantage of giving an oxygen-containing organic compound in a high yield with excellent activity.

There is no particular restriction on the ruthenium compound used in this invention, and any ruthenium compound may be used. For example, the ruthenium compounds disclosed as catalysts in the specifications of the above-cited Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publications Nos. 115,834/1980, 82,327/1982, 82,328/1982, and 123,925/1981 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,170,605 and also be used in the present invention. These specifications are therefore cited herein by reference.

Preferably used in this invention are halogen compounds, carboxylate salts, inorganic acid salts, and oxides of ruthenium, and complexes of ruthenium with various organic or inorganic ligands, such as a ruthenium-carbonyl complex. Specific examples include ruthenium chloride, ruthenium bromide, ruthenium iodide, ruthenium formate, ruthenium acetate, ruthenium nitrate, ruthenium dioxide, ruthenium tetroxide, Ru(acetylacetonate)₃, (C₅ H₅)(CH₃)Ru(CO)₂, (C₅ H₅)₂ Ru, Ru₃ (CO)₁₂, Ru(CO)₄ ²⁻, Ru₆ (CO)₁₈ ²⁻, H₂ Ru₄ (CO)₁₃, H₆ Ru₄ (CO)₁₂, and [Ru(CO)₃ CL₂ [₂. A fine powder of ruthenium metal can also be used because it reacts with carbon monoxide in the reaction system of this invention to form a carbonyl complex soluble in the reaction system.

The concentration of the ruthenium compound (a) in the reaction system is not particularly limited. Usually, it is 1 to 10⁻⁶ gram-atom/liter, preferably 2×10⁻¹ to 10⁻⁴ gram-atom/liter, as the concentration of ruthenium atom in the reaction system.

Various compounds can be used as the imidazole (b), the other ingredient of the catalyst used in this invention. This shows that the imidazole ring moiety of the imidazole compound contributes greatly to the catalytic activity of the catalyst used in this invention.

Preferred imidazoles (b) used in this invention are compounds represented by the following formula ##STR1## wherein R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ are identical or different and each represents a hydrogen atom or a monovalent substituent, or R¹ and R², or R³ and R⁴, or R¹ and R⁴ may be taken together to form a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group.

Preferably, the monovalent substituent in formula (I) is substantially non-reactive with the resulting oxygen-containing organic compound under the reaction conditions. Examples of the substituent include halogen atoms such as chlorine, bromine, fluorine and iodine, a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group, acyl groups such as formyl, acetyl, butyroyl, benzoyl and toluoyl, an amino group, substituted amino groups such as dimethylamino and diethylamino, alkoxy groups such as methoxy and ethoxy, a cyano group, an isocyano group, a nitro group, a silyl group, alkyl-substituted silyl groups such as trimethylsilyl, hydrocarbon groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, octyl, dodecyl, hexadecyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl and benzyl, and substituted hydrocarbon groups substituted by the aforesaid polar groups, such as hydroxyalkyl, carboxyalkyl and aminoalkyl.

The adjacent substituents, R¹ and R², R³ and R⁴, or R¹ and R⁴, may together form a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group. Preferably such a hydrocarbon group has 5 to 7, preferably 5, carbon atoms as ring-members including the two carbon atoms to which they are bonded. In such a hydrocarbon group, one ring-member carbon atom may be substituted by one ring-member nitrogen atom, or by a monovalent substituent. Examples of such a monovalent substituent are the same as those exemplified hereinabove. Preferred imidazoles of formula (I) are unsubstituted imidazole, substituted imidazoles having polar groups as substituents such as hydrocarbon group-substituted imidazoles, hydroxyalkyl group-substituted imidazoles, carboxyalkyl group-substituted imidazoles, aminoalkyl group-substituted imidazoles and polyvinylimidazole, and benzimidazoles.

Among them, the benzimidazoles are especially preferred. The benzimidazoles are compounds represented by the following formula ##STR2## wherein R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are identical or different and each represents a hydrogen atom or a monovalent substituent, or R⁶ and R¹⁰, R⁵ and R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸, R⁸ and R⁹, or R⁹ and R¹⁰ may be taken together to form a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group.

In formula (I)', the definitions of R⁵ to R¹⁰ are the same as those of R¹ to R⁴.

Examples of the imidazoles (b) of formula (I) [including formula (I)'] are imidazole; imidazoles substituted by hydrocarbon groups, such as 1-methylimidazole, 1-ethylimidazole, 1-n-propylimidazole, 1-isopropylimidazole, 1-butylimidazole, 2-methylimidazole; 2-ethylimidazole, 2-n-propylimidazole, 2-isopropylimidazole, 4-methylimidazole, 4-ethylimidazole, 3-n-propylimidazole, 4-isopropylimidazole, 4-butylimidazole, 4,5-dimethylimidazole, 4,5-diethylimidazole, 1-methyl-2-ethylimidazole, 1-methyl-4-ethylimidazole, 1-phenylimidazole, 4-phenylimidazole, benzimidazole, 1,2-trimethyleneimidazole, 1,5-trimethyleneimidazole, 4,5-trimethyleneimidazole and 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzimidazole; imidazoles substituted by hydrocarbon groups which are substituted by polar groups, such as 1-hydroxymethylimidazole, 2-hydroxymethylimidazole, 4-hydroxymethylimidazole, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)imidazole, 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)imidazole, 4-2(hydroxyethyl)imidazole, 1-carboxymethylimidazole, 2-carboxymethylimidazole, 4-carboxymethylimidazole, 1-(2-carboxyethyl)imidazole, 4-(2-carboxyethyl)imidazole, 4-(2-carboxy-2-hydroxyethyl)imidazole, 1-aminomethylimidazole, 4-aminomethylimidazole, 1-(2-aminoethyl)imidazole, 4-(2-aminoethyl)imidazole, 1-(3-aminopropyl)imidazole, 4-(3-aminopropyl)imidazole, 2-(2-imidazolyl)imidazole, 4-(2 -pyridyl)imidazole and 2-benzoylimidazole; benzimidazoles such as benzimidazole, 1-methylbenzimidazole, 1-ethylbenzimidazole, 1-n-propylbenzimidazole, 1-isopropylbenzimidazole, 1-tert-butylbenzimidazole, 1-n-butylbenzimidazole, 1-phenylbenzimidazole, 1-benzylbenzimidazole, 1-cyclohexylbenzimidazole, 1-octylbenzimidazole, 1-dodecylbenzimidazole, 1-hexadecylbenzimidazole, 1-trimethylsilylmethylbenzimidazole, 4-methylbenzimidazole, 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole, 4,5,6-trimethylbenzimidazole, 1-methyl-5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole, 1-ethyl-5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole, 1-isopropyl-5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole, 5,6-dimethoxybenzimidazole, 4,5-trimethylenebenzimidazole, naphtho[1,2-d]imidazole, naphtho[2,3-d]imidazole, 1-methyl-4-methoxybenzimidazole, 1-methyl-5-methoxybenzimidazole, 1-methyl-5,6-dimethoxybenzimidazole, 1-methyl-5-dimethylaminobenzimidazole, 1-methyl-5-aminobenzimidazole and 1-methyl-5-trimethylsilylbenzimidazole; and azabenzimidazoles such as 4-azabenzimidazole and 1-methyl-4-azabenzimidazole.

One or more imidazoles (b) may be used in this invention. The preferred concentration of the imidazole (b) in the reaction system is 10⁻³ to 10 moles per liter of the reaction mixture.

The process of this invention is characterized by using a combination of the ruthenium compound (a) and the imidazole (b) as a catalyst. The imidazole compound (b) can be used in an amount of 10⁻¹ to 10⁷ moles per gram-atom of ruthenium of the ruthenium compound (a). Generally, it is preferred to use the imidazole in a larger amount than the ruthenium compound, particularly in an amount of 10 to 10⁵ moles per gram-atom of ruthenium of the ruthenium compound (a).

Another catalyst ingredient (promoter) may be used in this invention together with the ruthenium compound (a) and the imidazole (b). Examples of the promoter are compounds of elements selected from elements of Groups VI and VII of the periodic table and elements of Group VIII other than ruthenium. The compounds may, for example, be halogen compounds, carboxylate salts, inorganic acid salts, and oxides of such elements or complexes of such elements with various ligands such as carbon monoxide. Specific examples of these compounds are described in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 123,925/1981 cited hereinabove. Other halogen elements or compounds may also be used as promoters in this invention. Specific examples include halogen elements such as iodine, bromine and chlorine, hydrogen halides such as hydrogen iodide, hydrogen bromide, hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride, halides of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, aluminum or phosphorous quaternary ammonium halides, quaternary phosphonium halides, iminium halides, alkyl halides, and aryl halides.

Specific examples of the halides of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, aluminum or phosphorus are lithium fluoride, lithium chloride, lithium bromide, lithium iodide, sodium fluoride, sodium chloride, sodium bromide, sodium iodide, potassium fluoride, potassium chloride, potassium bromide, potassium iodide, rubidium chloride, rubidium bromide, rubidium iodide, cesium fluoride, cesium chloride, cesium bromide, cesium iodide, aluminum trichloride, phosphorus trichloride, and phosphorus pentachloride.

Compounds formed by the reaction of various amines with alkyl halides or aryl halides may be used as the quaternary ammonium halides. Specific examples include tetramethylammonium chloride, tetramethylammonium bromide, tetramethylammonium iodide, tetramethylammonium fluoride, tetraethylammonium chloride, tetraethylammonium bromide, tetra-n-propylammonium halides, tetra-n-butylammonium halides, trimethylbenzylammonium halides, triethylbenzylammonium halides, triisopropylbenzyl ammonium halides, pyridinium halides (e.g., N-methylpyridinium halides, 1-methyl-2-hydroxypyridinium halides and methyl-4-dimethylaminopyridinium halides) and imidazolium halides such as methyl-1-methylimidazolium halides and ethyl-1-methylimidazolium halides.

Examples of the quaternary phosphonium halides are tetramethylphosphonium chloride, tetramethylphosphonium iodide, tetramethylphosphonium bromide, tetramethylphosphonium fluoride, tetraethylphosphonium iodide, tetraethylphosphonium bromide, tetraethylphosphonium chloride, tetraethylphosphonium fluoride, tetra-n-propylphosphonium halides, tetra-n-butylphosphonium halides, tetraphenylphosphonium halides, triphenylmethylphosphonium halides, and triphenylethylphosphonium halides.

Examples of the iminium halides are bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium iodide, bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium bromide, and bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium chloride.

Preferred alkyl or aryl halides are C₁₋₂₀ alkyl or aryl halides. Specific examples include methyl iodide, ethyl iodide, ethyl bromide, ethyl chloride, isopropyl iodide, isopropyl bromide, isopropyl chloride, n-butyl iodide, n-butyl bromide and n-butyl fluoride, phenyl iodide, phenyl bromide, benzyl iodide, and benzyl bromide.

The promoter components exemplified hereinabove may be used singly or as a mixture of two or more. When the promoter is a compound of an element of Group VI, VII or VIII (other than ruthenium) of the periodic table, it is preferably used in such a proportion that the ratio of the gram-atoms of the metalic element of the promoter compound to the gram-atoms of ruthenium in the reaction system is from about 10⁻² to about 10², especially from about 10⁻¹ to about 10.

When the other halogen compound is used, its amount is desirably such that the ratio of the moles of the halogen compound to the gram-atoms of ruthenium in the reaction system is from about 10⁻² to about 10³, especially from about 10⁻¹ to about 10².

The addition of the catalyst to the reaction system in the process of this invention can be effected in various modes. For example, a mixture is prepared from the ruthenium compound (a), the imidazole compound (b) and as required, the promoter and then added to the reaction system. Or at least two compounds of the same component are mixed in advance, and such mixtures are added separately to the reaction system. Or these components may be added separately to the reaction system without mixing.

The ruthenium compound (a) may be diluted with an organic diluent prior to being mixed with the other catalyst components or being added to the reaction system. The imidazole (b) may also be used as an organic diluent for the ruthenium component (b) and the other catalyst components.

The imidazole (b) may be formed in situ in the reaction system, for example, by the method disclosed in Advances in Hetterocyclic Chemistry 12, pages 103-183.

Usually, the reaction in accordance with this invention is carried out in the presence of a solvent. Any organic solvent inert to the reaction may be used for this purpose. Specific examples of the solvent include ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (tetraglyme), diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, dioxane, 1,2-dimethoxybenzene and 18-crown-6; esters such as methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, ethylene glycol diacetate, diethylene glycol diacetate, γ-butyrolactone, dimethyl-γ-butyrolactone and δ-valerolactone; sulfones such as sulfolane and dimethylsulfone; sulfoxides such as dimethyl sulfoxide and diethyl sulfoxide; amides such as N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-diethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, N-ethylpyrrolidone, N-isopropylpyrrolidone, N-propylpyrrolidone, N-butylpyrrolidone, N-octylpyrrolidone, N-cyclohexylpyrrolidone, N-benzylpyrrolidone, polyvinylpyrrolidone and N-methyl-2-pyridone; phosphoric acid triamides such as hexamethylphosphoric triamide and hexaethylphosphoric triamide; substituted ureas such as N,N,N',N'-tetramethylurea and 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone; alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, 2-methoxyethanol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol and triethylene glycol; carboxylic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid and benzoic acid; phenols such as phenol and resorcinol; amines such as trimethylamine and triethylamine; pyridines such as pyridine and 2-hydroxypyridine; nitriles such as acetonitrile and benzonitrile; ketones such as acetone and diphenyl ketone; hydrocarbons such as hexane, heptane, hexene, cyclohexane, naphtha, and kerosene; and aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene and xylene. The use of aprotic dipolar solvents, such as the esters, polyethers, sulfones and amides, is preferred because it increases the rate of the reaction. It is also possible to use the imidazole (b) in excess to make it serve also as a reaction solvent.

The proportions of carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas to be fed to the reaction system in the process of this invention are such that the mole ratio of carbon monoxide to hydrogen is usually from 20 to 0.05, preferably from 5 to 0.2.

The reaction in the process of this invention is carried out under heat and pressure. The reaction pressure is usually from 2,000 to 1 kg/cm² -G, preferably from 1,000 to 50 kg/cm² -G. Generally, the higher the reaction pressure, the higher the rate of the reaction. The process of this invention is characterized, however, by the fact that even at relatively low pressures, oxygen-containing organic compounds typified by alkanepolyols are formed in high yields. The reaction temperature is usually from 50° to 350° C., preferably from 150° to 300° C. The time required for the reaction is usually from 0.1 to 20 hours, preferably from 0.5 to 10 hours. Usually, the reaction is carried out with stirring.

To isolate the resulting oxygen-containing organic compound from the reaction mixture, the reaction mixture is treated in a customary manner, for example by distillation or extraction.

In particular, the process of this invention can afford lower aliphatic oxygen-containing compounds, for example alcohols having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, carboxylic acids having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and esters between these alcohols and carboxylic acids, such as methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, glycerol, formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, methyl acetate, methyl formate, ethylene glycol monoformate and ethylene glycol monoacetate.

The process of this invention should be evaluated especially highly as a technique of producing ethylene glycol.

The following examples illustrate the process of this invention more specifically.

The products were analyzed by a gas chromatograph utilizing a 1.1 meter glass column packed with Chromosorb 102 and deposited thereon 10% of PEG 20M-TPA and the temperature of column was set at 80° C. for 4 minutes and then increased from 80° C. to 240° C. at a rate of 8° C. per minute. Then, volatile components are detected by the TCD method.

EXAMPLE 1

The inside of a 60 ml autoclave made of Hastelloy C was purged with argon. The autoclave was charged with 0.4 milligram-atom of Ru₃ (CO)₁₂, 40 millimoles of imidazole and 10 ml of N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP for short) and then closed. A gaseous mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen in a mole ratio of 1:1 was introduced into the autoclave through a gas introducing tube, and reacted for 2 hours at a pressure of 550 kg/cm² and a temperature of 240° C.

After the reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and after discharging the excess gas, withdrawn.

The reaction mixture was then quantitatively determined by gas chromatography. The results are shown in Table 1. In the tables, the symbol "-" shows a very small amount although the amount was not accurately determined.

EXAMPLES 2 TO 62

Example 1 was followed except that the catalyst and the solvent were changed as shown in Table 1, and in some Examples, the reaction conditions were changed as shown below. The results are also shown in Table 1.

In Examples 11 and 27, the reaction times were 4 hours, and 2.5 hours, respectively. In Examples 21 and 22, the reaction temperature was 260° C. In Example 23, the reaction temperature was 270° C. In Example 49, 15 ml of NMP (solvent) was used. In Examples 41 and 42, tetraglyme was used in an amount of 5 ml. In Example 20, 0.5 millimole of acetic acid was formed in addition to the products shown in Table 1. In Example 41, 1.6 millimoles of acetic acid, 0.8 millimole of glycerol, 0.1 millimole of ethylene glycol monochloroformate and 1.4 millimoles of ethylene glycol monoacetate were formed in addition to the products shown in Table 1.

                                      TABLE 1                                      __________________________________________________________________________     Catalyst                   Products (millimoles)                               Ex- Ru.sub.3 (CO).sub.12                                                                 Imidazole compound                                                                        Sol-  Meth-                                                                              Methyl                                                                              Eth-                                                                              Methyl                                                                             Ethylene                                                                            1,2-Pro-                       ample                                                                              (mg-atom)                                                                            (millimoles)                                                                              vent  anol                                                                               formate                                                                             anol                                                                              acetate                                                                            glycol                                                                              panediol                       __________________________________________________________________________     1   0.4   Imidazole                                                                              (40)                                                                              NMP   61.8                                                                               2.4  0.3                                                                               0   4.0  0.4                            2   0.1   Imidazole                                                                              (10)                                                                              NMP   35.2                                                                               1.0  0.2                                                                               0   1.1  0.1                            3   0.1   1-Methylimi-                                                                           (10)                                                                              NMP   10.8                                                                               0.3  0.1                                                                               0   1.1  0.1                                      dazole                                                               4   0.1   1-Methylimi-                                                                           (50)                                                                              NMP   16.2                                                                               0.5  0.5                                                                               0   3.4  0                                        dazole                                                               5   0.1   1-Ethylimi-                                                                            (10)                                                                              NMP   19.1                                                                               0.4  0.2                                                                               0.1 2.2  0.4                                      dazole -6                                                                              0.1                                                                               1-Trimethyl-                                                                         (10)                                                                               NMP  26.1                                                                              1.2 0.1  0 1.0 0                                  silylimidazole                                                       7   0.1   2-Methylimi-                                                                           (10)                                                                              NMP   32.2                                                                               0.8  0.1                                                                               0.1 1.4  0.3                                      dazole                                                               8   0.1   2-Ethylimi-                                                                            (10)                                                                              NMP   28.0                                                                               0.5  0.1                                                                               --  1.0  0.1                                      dazole                                                               9   0.1   2-n-Dodecyl-                                                                           (10)                                                                              NMP   26.6                                                                               0.5  0.1                                                                               --  0.8  0.1                                      imidazole                                                            10  0.1   4-Methylimi-                                                                           (10)                                                                              NMP   37.5                                                                               1.0  0.1                                                                               0.1 1.7  0.2                                      dazole                                                               11  0.1   4-Nitroimi-                                                                            (10)                                                                              NMP   0.1 0    0  0   0.01 0                                        dazole                                                               12  0.1   1,2-Dimethyl-                                                                          (10)                                                                              NMP   13.6                                                                               0.2  0.1                                                                               --  1.1  0.2                                      imidazole                                                            13  0.1   4,5-Diphenyl-                                                                          (10)                                                                              NMP   11.2                                                                               0.4  0  0.1 0.1  0                                        imidazole                                                            14  0.1   2-Ethyl-4-                                                                             (10)                                                                              NMP   24.1                                                                               0.3  -- --  0.9  0.1                                      methyl-                                                                        imidazole                                                            15  0.1   2-[2-(4,5-Di-                                                                           (5)                                                                              NMP   0.6 --   -- --  0.1  0                                        methylimida-                                                                   zolyl]-4,5-                                                                    dimethyl-                                                                      imidazole                                                            16  0.1   Benzimidazole                                                                          (10)                                                                              NMP   13.5                                                                               0.5  0.2                                                                               0.1 3.9  0.5                            17  0.1   Benzimidazole                                                                          (50)                                                                              NMP   28.2                                                                               0.7  0.7                                                                               0.9 9.7  1.0                            18  0.1   Benzimidazole                                                                          (100)                                                                             NMP   28.0                                                                               0.5  0.3                                                                               0.6 6.2  0.2                            19  0.05  Benzimidazole                                                                          (25)                                                                              NMP   15.7                                                                               0.5  0.3                                                                               0.2 4.8  0.5                            20  0.05  Benzimidazole                                                                          (50)                                                                              NMP   22.7                                                                               0.5  0.5                                                                               0.6 7.7  0.7                            21  0.1   Benzimidazole                                                                          (10)                                                                              NMP   23.1                                                                               0.8  0.5                                                                               0.4 6.2  0.7                            22  0.1   Benzimidazole                                                                          (50)                                                                              NMP   32.1                                                                               0.9  1.4                                                                               3.0 13.2 1.2                            23  0.1   Benzimidazole                                                                          (50)                                                                              NMP   27.9                                                                               0.7  1.5                                                                               3.5 11.2 1.1                            24  0.1   Benzimidazole                                                                          (10)                                                                              Tetra-                                                                               12.2                                                                               1.1  0.2                                                                               0.1 4.9  0.3                                                 glyme                                                     25  0.1   Benzimidazole                                                                          (10)                                                                              1,2-  10.3                                                                               0.7  0.9                                                                               0.2 2.3  0                                                   Propane-                                                                       diol                                                      26  0.1   Benzimidazole                                                                          (10)                                                                              Di-   7.9 0.6  0.2                                                                               0.1 2.6  0.2                                                 ethylene                                                                       glycol                                                    27  0.1   Benzimidazole                                                                          (10)                                                                              Ethanol                                                                              10.7                                                                               0.8  -- 0   2.7  0.3                            28  0.1   Benzimidazole                                                                          (10)                                                                              Poly- 7.3 0.4  0.1                                                                               0.1 3.3  0.1                                                 ethylene                                                                       glycol                                                                         600                                                       29  0.1   Benzimidazole                                                                          (10)                                                                              Diethylene                                                                           9.2 0.9  0.3                                                                               0   3.4  0.4                                                 glycol                                                                         monoethyl                                                                      ether                                                     30  0.1   Benzimidazole                                                                          (10)                                                                              18-crown-                                                                            14.7                                                                               1.0  0.4                                                                               0.4 5.7  0.4                                                 6                                                         31  0.1   Benzimidazole                                                                          (10)                                                                              γ-Butyro-                                                                      6.7 0.2  -- 0   0.5  0                                                   lactone                                                   32  0.1   Benzimidazole                                                                          (10)                                                                              Diphenyl                                                                             8.8 0.8  0.1                                                                               0.1 3.4  0.1                                                 ether                                                     33  0.1   Benzimidazole                                                                          (10)                                                                              Dimethyl-                                                                            13.9                                                                               0.7  0.3                                                                               0.1 5.0  0.5                                                 imidazoli-                                                                     dinone                                                    34  0.1   Benzimidazole                                                                          (10)                                                                              N--ethyl-                                                                            15.8                                                                               0.7  0.5                                                                               0.2 4.5  0.6                                                 pyrroli-                                                                       done                                                      35  0.1   Benzimidazole                                                                          (10)                                                                              Sulfolane                                                                            7.2 0.3  0.2                                                                               --  2.2  0.1                            36  0.1   Benzimidazole                                                                          (10)                                                                              Benzene                                                                              11.9                                                                               0.8  0.1                                                                               0.1 2.3  0                              37  0.1   Benzimidazole                                                                          (10)                                                                              N--Benzyl-                                                                           11.9                                                                               0.7  0.4                                                                               --  4.8  0.6                                                 pyrroli-                                                                       done                                                      38  0.1   Benzimidazole                                                                          (10)                                                                              N,N--Di-                                                                             8.6 0.8  0.1                                                                               0   2.3  0.1                                                 ethyl-                                                                         aniline                                                   39  0.1   Benzimidazole                                                                          (10)                                                                              Pyridine                                                                             19.5                                                                               0.6  0.1                                                                               0   3.8  0                              40  0.1   1-Methylbenz-                                                                          (10)                                                                              Tetraglyme                                                                           3.0 0.3  0.2                                                                               0   3.7  0.1                                      imidazole                                                            41  0.05  1-Methylbenz-                                                                          (50)                                                                              Tetraglyme                                                                           5.0 0.2  0.8                                                                               0.6 4.9  0.4                                      imidazole                                                            42  0.05  1-Methylbenz-                                                                          (25)                                                                              Tetraglyme                                                                           3.1 0.2  0.5                                                                               0.3 3.7  0.2                                      imidazole                                                            43  0.1   1-Methylbenz-                                                                           (5)                                                                              Tetraglyme                                                                           1.7 0.2  0  0   1.6  0                                        imidazole                                                            44  0.1   1-Methylbenz-                                                                           (2)                                                                              Tetraglyme                                                                           0.7 0.1  0  0   0.6  0                                        imidazole                                                            45  0.1   1-Methylbenz-                                                                          (0.5)                                                                             Tetraglyme                                                                           0.3 0    0  0   0.1  0                                        imidazole                                                            46  0.1   1-Methylbenz-                                                                          (10)                                                                              NMP   4.5 0.2  0.3                                                                               0   3.3  0.2                                      imidazole                                                            47  0.1   1-Ethylbenz-                                                                           (10)                                                                              Tetraglyme                                                                           3.7 0.4  0.2                                                                               0   4.9  0.2                                      imidazole                                                            48  0.05  1-Ethylbenz-                                                                           (45)                                                                              Tetraglyme                                                                           5.1 0.2  0.7                                                                               0.4 7.8  0.6                                      imidazole                                                            49  0.1   1-iso-propyl-                                                                          (10)                                                                              Tetraglyme                                                                           7.5 0.6  0.2                                                                               0.1 4.6  0.3                                      benzimidazole                                                        50  0.1   2-Hydroxybenz-                                                                         (10)                                                                              NMP   1.4 --   -- 0   0    0                                        imidazole                                                            51  0.1   2-Methylbenz-                                                                          (10)                                                                              NMP   11.9                                                                               0.3  -- --  0.9  0.1                                      imidazole                                                            52  0.1   2-Aminobenz-                                                                           (10)                                                                              NMP   1.5 0.2  0.1                                                                               0   0.3  0                                        imidazole                                                            53  0.1   6-Nitrobenz-                                                                           (10)                                                                              NMP   19.8                                                                               0.7  -- 0.2 0.7  0.1                                      imidazole                                                            54  0.1   1-Ethyl-2-                                                                             (10)                                                                              NMP   5.9 0.1  -- --  0.8  --                                       Methylbenz-                                                                    imidazole                                                            55  0.1   5,6-Dimethyl-                                                                          (10)                                                                              NMP   20.2                                                                               0.7  0.3                                                                               0.2 5.4  0.5                                      benzimidazole                                                        56  0.05  5,6-Dimethyl-                                                                          (50)                                                                              NMP   21.2                                                                               0.4  0.6                                                                               0.5 7.1  0.7                                      benzimidazole                                                        57  0.1   5,6-Dimethyl-                                                                          (10)                                                                              N--benzyl-                                                                           15.4                                                                               0.7  0.5                                                                               0.3 6.3  0.6                                      benzimidazole                                                                             pyrroli-                                                                       done                                                      58  0.1   5,6-Dimethyl-                                                                          (10)                                                                              Tetraglyme                                                                           13.8                                                                               1.1  0.2                                                                               0.1 6.4  0.4                                      benzimidazole                                                        59  0.1   2,5,6-Tri-                                                                             (10)                                                                              NMR   21.2                                                                               0.5  0.1                                                                               --  1.1  0.1                                      methylbenz-                                                                    imidazole                                                            60  0.1   1-iso-Propyl-                                                                          (10)                                                                              Tetraglyme                                                                           8.9 0.8  0.2                                                                               0.1 7.4  0.5                                      5,6-dimethyl-                                                                  benzimidazole                                                        61  0.02  1-iso-Propyl-                                                                          (20)                                                                              Tetraglyme                                                                           3.3 0.2  0.2                                                                               0.1 2.4  0.2                                      5,6-dimethyl-                                                                  benzimidazole                                                        62  0.1   4-Azabenz-                                                                             (10)                                                                              NMP   32.0                                                                               0.6  0.1                                                                               0   0.3  --                                       imidazole                                                            __________________________________________________________________________

EXAMPLES 63 TO 73

Example 40 was followed except that the H₂ /CO mole ratio, the reaction pressure and the reaction temperature were changed as indicated in Table 2. The results are shown in Table 3.

                  TABLE 2                                                          ______________________________________                                                         Reaction conditions                                                   H.sub.2 /CO    Pressure Temperature                                     Example                                                                               (mole ratio)   (kg/cm.sup.2)                                                                           (°C.)                                    ______________________________________                                         63     1.0            420      240                                             64     1.0            330      240                                             65     1.0            260      240                                             66     1.0            220      240                                             67     1.0            120      240                                             68     1.0            550      276                                             69     1.0            550      260                                             70     1.0            550      220                                             71     1.0            550      200                                             72     1.9            550      240                                             73     1.9            550      277                                             ______________________________________                                    

                  TABLE 3                                                          ______________________________________                                         Ex-  Product (millimoles)                                                      am-  Meth-   Methyl   Eth-  Methyl Ethylene                                                                              1,2-Pro-                             ple  anol    formate  anol  acetate                                                                               glycol panediol                             ______________________________________                                         63   3.0     0.2      0.1   0      3.5    --                                   64   2.9     0.2      0.1   0      3.3    --                                   65   3.1     0.2      --    0      2.8    --                                   66   3.0     0.1      --    0      1.9    0.1                                  67   1.9     0.1      --    0      0.3    --                                   68   10.2    0.6      0.8   0.6    12.2   0.4                                  69   4.7     0.3      0.4   0.1    6.1    0.2                                  70   1.7     0.2      --    0      1.8    --                                   71   0.8     --       --    0      0.5    --                                   72   7.2     0.5      0.1   0      9.5    0.1                                  73   39.1    1.2      0.5   0.8    31.8   0.1                                  ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLES 74 TO 76

Example 16 was followed except that 0.1 milligram-atom of each of the Ru compounds shown in Table 4 was used instead of Ru₃ (CO)₁₂. The results are also shown in Table 4.

                                      TABLE 4                                      __________________________________________________________________________                 Products (millimoles)                                                               Methyl    Methyl                                                                             Ethylene                                                                            1,2-Pro-                                   Example                                                                             Ru compound                                                                           Methanol                                                                            formate                                                                             Ethanol                                                                             acetate                                                                            glycol                                                                              panediol                                   __________________________________________________________________________     74   RuCl.sub.3.3H.sub.2 O                                                                 11.3 0.3  0.6  0.2 2.2  0.3                                        75   RuO.sub.2                                                                             11.7 0.4  0.2  0.2 2.9  0.4                                        76   Ru(acetyl-                                                                             3.9 0.2  0    --  1.6  0.2                                             acetonate).sub.2                                                          __________________________________________________________________________

EXAMPLES 77 TO 79

The same autoclave as used in Example 1 was charged with 0.1 milligram-atom of Ru₃ (CO)₁₂ and each of the imidazole compounds shown in Table 5 in the amounts indicated, and a gaseous mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen in a molar ratio of 1:1 was introduced into the autoclave and reacted at a temperature of 240° C. and a pressure of 550 kg/cm² -G for 2 hours.

The results are also shown in Table 5.

                                      TABLE 5                                      __________________________________________________________________________                       Products (millimoles)                                        Ex-                    Methyl    Methyl                                                                             Ethylene                                                                            1,2-Pro-                             ample                                                                              Imidazole compound (ml)                                                                      Methanol                                                                            formate                                                                             Ethanol                                                                             acetate                                                                            glycol                                                                              panediol                             __________________________________________________________________________     77  1-Methylimidazole (7.5)                                                                      7.6  0.3  0.5  0   2.6  0                                    78  Benzimidazole (10)                                                                           7.7  0.1  0.1  0.1 1.6  --                                   79  1-Methylbenzimidazole (10)                                                                   10.91                                                                               0.3  0.9  2.6 7.5  0.4                                  __________________________________________________________________________

EXAMPLES 80 TO 93

The same autoclave as used in Example 1 was charged with each of the catalysts shown in Table 6 in the indicated amounts and 10 ml of each of the solvents shown in Table 6. A mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen in a mole ratio of 1:1 was introduced into the autoclave and reacted under the conditions shown in Table 6. The results are shown in Table 7.

For example, in Example 83, the amount of CO₂ formed decreased to 40% of that formed without adding W(CO)₆.

                                      TABLE 6                                      __________________________________________________________________________     Catalyst (mg-atom for metal compounds,                                         and millimoles for the others)              Reaction conditions                          Imidazole                         Temper-                            Ex- Ru.sub.3 (CO).sub.12                                                                 compound                          ature                                                                               Time                                                                              Pressure                   ample                                                                              (mg-atom)                                                                            (millimoles)                                                                          Additive                                                                               Additive      Solvent                                                                             (°C.)                                                                        (hr)                                                                              (kg/cm.sup.2)              __________________________________________________________________________     80  0.075 Benzimi-                                                                              Rh(CO).sub.2                                                                           --            Tetra-                                                                              240  2  550                                  dazole (10)                                                                           acetylacetonate       glyme                                                    (0.024)                                                       81  0.10  Benzimi-                                                                              Re.sub.2 (CO).sub.10                                                                   --            Tetra-                                                                              240  2  550                                  dazole (10)                                                                           (0.10)                glyme                                   82  0.10  Benzimi-                                                                              Mo(CO).sub.6                                                                           --            Tetra-                                                                              240  2  550                                  dazole (10)                                                                           (0.10)                glyme                                   83  0.10  Benzimi-                                                                              W(CO).sub.6                                                                            --            Tetra-                                                                              240  2  550                                  dazole (10)                                                                           (0.10)                glyme                                   84  0.30  Imidazole                                                                             Rh(CO).sub.2                                                                           --            NMP  200  2  550                                  (40)   acetylacetonate                                                                (0.10)                                                        85  0.10  1-Methyl- benzimi- dazole (7)                                                          ##STR3##                                                                              --            NMP  240  2  550                          86                                                                               0.10  1-Methyl-                                                                             LiI.3H.sub.2 O (0.7)                                                                   --            NMP  240  2  550                                  benzimi-                                                                       dazole (10)                                                          87  0.10  1-Methyl-                                                                             KI(0.7) --            NMP  240  2  550                                  benzimi-                                                                       dazole (10)                                                          88  0.10  1-Methyl-                                                                             CsI (0.6)                                                                              --            NMP  240  2  550                                  benzimi-                                                                       dazole (10)                                                          89  0.10  1-Methyl-                                                                             CsCl (0.7)                                                                             --            NMP  240  2  550                          90                                                                               0.10  1-Methyl- benzimi- dazole (10)                                                         ##STR4##                                                                              --            NMP  240  2  550                          91                                                                               0.075 1-Methyl-                                                                             Rh(CO).sub.2                                                                           --            Tetra-                                                                              240  2  550                                  benzimi-                                                                              acetylacetonate       glyme                                             dazole (10)                                                                           (0.025)                                                         92                                                                               0.30  Imidazole (8)                                                                         Rh(CO).sub.2 acetylacetonate (0.1)                                                      ##STR5##     Tetra- glyme                                                                        200  2  550                          93                                                                               0.30  Imidazole (8)                                                                         Rh(CO).sub.2 acetylacetonate (0.1)                                                      ##STR6##                                                                      I.sup.⊖ (2.4)                                                                        Tetra-                                                                              200  2  550                                                               glyme                                   __________________________________________________________________________

                  TABLE 7                                                          ______________________________________                                         Products (millimoles)                                                          Ex-   Meth-   Methyl   Eth-  Methyl                                                                               Ethylene                                                                              1,2-Pro-                             ample anol    formate  anol  acetate                                                                              glycol panediol                             ______________________________________                                         80    9.3     0.9      0.2   --    6.4    0.5                                  81    16.9    1.7      0.3   0.2   6.4    0.5                                  82    15.2    1.6      0.3   0.2   6.4    0.6                                  83    14.4    1.5      0.3   0.2   6.0    0.6                                  84    36.3    1.6      0.1   --    2.7    0.2                                  85    14.0    0.1      4.1   0.4   6.5    1.2                                  86    10.2    0.1      1.4   --    4.9    0.8                                  87    9.8     0.1      0.9   --    4.8    0.6                                  88    10.3    0.1      1.0   --    4.7    0.5                                  89    7.3     0.1      0.5   --    3.8    0.4                                  90    9.7     0.1      3.3   --    6.2    0.9                                  91    1.9     0.1      0.1   --    3.6    0.2                                  92    6.8     0.1      0.7   0.1   5.7    0.4                                  93    12.0    0.2      0.3   --    7.6    0.5                                  ______________________________________                                    

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 1 TO 3

The inside of a 60 ml autoclave was purged with argon. The autoclave was then charged with 0.1 milligram-atom of Ru₃ (CO)₁₂, 10 ml of N-methylpyrrolidone and 10 millimoles of the additives shown in Table 8, and closed. Thereafter, the same reaction under the same conditions as in Example 1 was carried out. The results are shown in Table 8.

                                      TABLE 8                                      __________________________________________________________________________     Compara-         Products (millimoles)                                         tive                  Methyl    Methyl                                                                             Ethylene                                                                            1,2-Pro-                              Example                                                                              Additive   Methanol                                                                            formate                                                                             Ethanol                                                                             acetate                                                                            glycol                                                                              panediol                              __________________________________________________________________________     1     --         1.4  0.1  0    0   0    0                                     2     2-Hydroxypyrieine                                                                         1.9  0.1  0.1> 0   0.1> 0                                     3     N--methylmorpholine                                                                       2.1  0.1  0    0   0.1> 0                                     __________________________________________________________________________

EXAMPLE 94

Example 1 was followed except that the amount of imidazole used was changed to 2 millimoles, and the reaction time was changed to 1 hour. The results are shown in Table 9.

EXAMPLE 95

Example 3 was followed except that the amount of 1-methylimidazole used was changed to 0.5 millimoles. The results are shown in Table 9.

                  TABLE 9                                                          ______________________________________                                         Products (millimoles)                                                          Ex-   Meth-   Methyl   Eth-  Methyl                                                                               Ethylene                                                                              1,2-Pro-                             ample anol    formate  anol  acetate                                                                              glycol panediol                             ______________________________________                                         94    23.0    1.2      --    0.1   0.4    --                                   95     4.3    0.2      --    0     0.1    0                                    ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 96

The inside of a 38 ml stainless autoclave was purged with argon. The autoclave was then charged with 0.3 milligram-atom of Ru₃ (CO)₁₂, 1.5 millimoles of imidazole and 7.5 ml of sulfolane and closed. A mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen in a molar ratio of 1:1 was introduced into the autoclave through a gas introducing tube until the pressure of the reaction system reached 200 kg/cm². Then, the mixture was heated to 200° C. The pressure of the reaction system reached 290 kg/cm². The mixture was reacted at 200° C. for 4 hours.

After the reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and after discharging the excess gas, withdrawn.

The reaction mixture was quantitatively determined by gas chromatography, and the results are shown in Table 10.

EXAMPLES 97 TO 99

Example 96 was followed except that the amount of imidazole was changed or the type of the imidazole compound was changed. The results are also shown in Table 10.

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 4 TO 6

Example 96 was followed except that 2-hydroxypyridine or purine was used instead of imidazole. The results are also shown in Table 10.

                                      TABLE 10                                     __________________________________________________________________________             Catalyst                                                                                 Amount                                                                              Products (millimoles)                                                     (milli-   Methyl    Methyl                                                                             Ethylene                                                                            1,2-Pro-                        Run     Additive  moles)                                                                              Methanol                                                                            formate                                                                             Ethanol                                                                             acetate                                                                            glycol                                                                              panediol                        __________________________________________________________________________     Example                                                                              96                                                                               Imidazole 1.5  2.82 0.19 0    0   0.21 --                                    97                                                                               Imidazole 15.0 4.97 0.16 0    0   0.21 0.3                                   98                                                                               1-Methylimidazole                                                                        1.6  1.84 0.09 0    0   0.16 0                                     99                                                                               Benzimidazole                                                                            1.5  1.06 0.04 0    0   0.04 0.01                            Compara-                                                                              4                                                                               2-Hydroxypyridine                                                                        1.5  0.07 0    0    0   0    0                               tive   5                                                                               2-Hydroxypyridine                                                                        15.0 0.08 0    0    0   0.003                                                                               0                               Example                                                                               6                                                                               Purine    2.2  0    0    0    0   0    0                               __________________________________________________________________________ 

What we claim is:
 1. A process for producing an oxygen-containing organic compound which comprises reacting carbon monoxide with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst under heat and pressure, said catalyst comprising (a) a ruthenium compound and (b) an imidazole compound represented by the following formula: ##STR7## wherein R¹ represents a hydrogen atom or a monovalent substituent; R², R³ and R⁴ are identical or different, and each represents a member selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl-substituted silyl group and an unsubstituted or substituted hydrocarbon group; or R¹ and R², R³ and R⁴, or R¹ and R⁴ may be taken together to form a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group.
 2. The process of claim 1 wherein said catalyst contains 10³¹ 1 to 10⁷ moles of the imidazole compound (b) per gram-atom of ruthenium in the ruthenium compound (a).
 3. The process of claim 1 or 2 wherein the ruthenium compound (a) is a halogen compound, carboxylate salt, inorganic acid salt, oxide or complex of ruthenium.
 4. The process of claim 1 or 2 wherein the ruthenium compound (a) is a carbonyl complex of ruthenium.
 5. The process of claim 1 wherein the imidazole compound (b) is a compound represented by the following formula: ##STR8## wherein R⁵, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are identical or different and and each represents a hydrogen atom or a monovalent substituent; R⁶ represents a member selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl-substituted silyl group and un unsubstituted or substituted hydrocarbon group; or R⁵ and R¹⁰, R⁵ and R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸, R⁸ and R⁹, or R⁹ and R¹⁰ may be taken together to form a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group.
 6. The process of claim 1 wherein the oxygen-containing organic compound is an alcohol having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, a carboxylic acid having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, or an ester of the alcohol and the carboxylic acid.
 7. The process of claim 7 wherein the alcohol having 1 to 3 carbon atoms is methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, or glycerol.
 8. The process of claim 7 wherein the carboxylic acid having 1 to 3 carbon atoms is formic acid, acetic acid or propionic acid.
 9. The process of claim 7 wherein the ester is methyl formate, methyl acetate, ethylene glycol monoformate or ethylene glycol monoacetate.
 10. The process of claim 1 or 7 wherein the oxygen-containing organic compound is ethylene glycol.
 11. A process for producing an oxygen-containing organic compound which comprises reacting carbon monoxide with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst under heat and pressure, said catalyst comprising (a) a ruthenium compound and (b) a monoazabenzimidazole compound.
 12. The process of claim 11, wherein the monoazabenzimidazole compound is 4-azabenzimidazole.
 13. The process of claim 11, wherein the monoazabenzimidazole compound is 1-methyl-4-azabenzimidazole. 